Plant Ecology
Ecological relationships in the plant environment
The green plants revive not supported any diet they produce their own and depend on the rest of the neighborhood is when we look we find environmentally influenced directly and indirectly overlaps between biogenic ties to it because any object is not in isolation from other neighborhoods and is therefore an influential and affected neighborhoods. It is these relationships Mayati: -
1- Symbiosis: It involved two different types in order to get a good benefit to the two, the most common in animal than the environment in the plant, but can be found in the final two modes are disjunctive s. When plants share are non-contiguous me like a shadow of the one provided by trees and small plants or be conjunctive s. When he gets coupling between plants as the existence of bacteria, nitrogen-fixing within the roots of legumes.
2- Mycorhizal r. He Hayevat relationship between the fungus and the roots of large trees, a non-nurse has been found in the study of conifers she learned a lot of fungus in obtaining raw materials. And that the fungus can be external or internal ectotrophic endotrophic.
3- Lichens r.
4- Parasitic r. Any intrusion on animal plant
5- Epiphytism r. When Leno any other object on the plant body which is common in temperate and tropical regions.
6- Lienas a common phenomenon in the rainforest where the light connecting to the forest floor a few stalks shall plant growth Rhiv floor, forcing it to be based on the stems of tall trees.
7- Carnivorous plant some plants producing specialized enzymes that digest some of the animals with the help of a very sensory cells in the leaves, making a quick closing papers on any object touched by such as insects
8- Competition which neighborhoods compete on something in Alebattat could be on the light or nutrients or other, which is either to be between members of the same species intraspesific c. Or be among the members belonging to different types interspesific c. , There are three types of competition:
A positive any two individuals compete in a specific area
B minus any two individuals competing in isolated areas
C random any competition includes cases above
The result of the competition some cases, such as amnsalism any neighborhoods are competing to produce anti-life for other types of bacteria, he notes in either higher plant produces retardant materials for the growth of other types are called allelochemicals Lye Alioukaleptuz and willow, which inhibit the growth of other plants.
The phenomenon of grazing on plants widespread and are often kissed grazing animals which is very important in the organization of the competition and the size and shape of the plant community, it reduces competition as lower members of the same type and reduces the reproductive ability of the exception of reducing the composition of mature seeds of opportunities, but increase the chances of producing buds and Alraizumat for their reproduction ensures succession as grazing on soil erosion affects as the rain and wind will impact directly on the ground barren grazing also increases the chances of the transfer of seeds from one region to another.
The role of animals in the vaccinated and the transfer of seeds and fruits of plants
You are inoculated plant process transfer pollen grain to Mayssam flower and that the process that has called entomophily pollination by insects either has Boisson other animals named zoophily p .. It is the most important insect pollination is the honeybee. It can plant seeds moves from one place to another for animals ways either with feces or through the stick's bodies of those animals as well as the role of effective human transfer.
Aware of the individual and population dynamics autoecology and population dynamic
Biological plant life cycle
It includes a series of sequential events begin and end floral vegetative growth from new and is as follows: -
1. Zahar flowering: characterized by land plants that reproduce sexually, and often have these Alhmlah regulated by both the temperature and hours of light
2. pollination pollination
3. fruiting fruiting
The number and installation of fruits and a number of them formed the seed is very important in environmental session of the plant life and the influential One of the things which both the living and non-living factors The former is Palmspbat pathological bacteria, insects and fungi
4. seeds seed production out put the plant produces seeds that more than absorbed by the mother plant home if all of the growth has been correctly, but what were the environmental conditions often are that control the next growth as competing and pathogens and climate and other factors.
5. spread the seed dispersal of seeds
Azma fallen seeds in one place near the product have a plant, it will suffer from the weakness in growth due to competition Al important sources therefore adapted plants for the production possible transport seeds either the fact that forms flat or compressed or filament minutes or having hooks enable them dangling animals to be able to spread from place to another
6. Vital viability
You seeds that maintains the vitality is denominated environmental conditions for periods vary depending on the type of plant, it may be a stretch for weeks or years to reach 50 years
7. hibernate dormancy
In many plant seeds, we find that it does not even grow when conditions are favorable, unless undergoing a period of lethargy and specific purpose of accelerating the growth has to be to break the lethargy artificially by manipulating the environmental conditions affecting them
8. proliferative capacity and seed germination reproductive capacity & seed germination
Do not grow all the seeds formed not only some can resist or overcome the environmental conditions and depending on what you grow, including reproductive capacity is calculated by the following equation: -
Reproductive capacity = (consisting of seed germination rate *) / 100
9. seedling growth seedling growth
Shortly after germination, seedling growth begins in the seed embryo have the lowest level of activity and growth, but as soon as that activity will increase rapidly thinning root and sheets with a simple leg Created
10. vegetative growth vegetative growth
The overall effect of various environmental factors will affect the vegetative plant growth and that these factors include humidity, temperature, light and nutrients, which will determine the size, shape and abundance of vegetation population because the effect of these factors will be either directly or including
I've kind of taxonomic group known as members of similar population and environmentally scrupulous and that can or can not breed them. As for the environmental kind world Ttereson it was defined as a number of variations within the species, which are side by side with the variations in the home and be inherited and valuable adaptive and generate environmental type therefore environmental models will appear ecotypes I kind of put Ttereson five fundamental features of the environmental model which is the following: -
1. superficial variations or Vslchih or anatomical or two of them overlapping or everyone.
2. variations are associated with distinct spatial heterogeneity
3. Environmental model attributes that distinguish it from another model that is, they mixed.
4. that the differences between the models and the genetic basis.
5. breed with each other.
Vegetarian recipes and population dynamics:
In any society, we find a large number of people belonging to different races and groups of any individuals, including returning for a specific type called population population, which is characterized as living in one place and have several recipes from the most important density and Oumadl reproduction and the rate of death and have overlapping relationships between them and other species, and what the study population in terms of qualities and self-the place where my
It found the so-called Bdemogravea population population demography, or is it related to study environmental factors affecting it will be called population ecology
The size of a population is determined by knowledge of the preparation of each of:
1. Individuals generated
2. Mortality
3. immigrants him immigration
4. immigrants him emmigration
Density density are a number of individuals to the unit area or to a unit volume as in the phytoplankton in the plant environment is considering using and which must be representative of the rate of 1-5% of the land area of the studied box
Natality rate of increase in members of a species through reproduction
Mortality rate of the shortfall in members of a species through death or destruction due to grazing
Survival represents the survival of individuals vegetation type model except for the whole of his life and there are three modes of it, namely:
First Style: Adject short sorts of age and ends the life of the individual as soon as the plant up to reproduction as plants annuals and Eetmz down perdition rates in young and adult phase of life.
Type II: This is also equally Alhlakat ratios in all phases of life.
Type III: a short note in the life of plants Kaledgal.
Put the world Mc Arthur idea of these choices for the growth of the population to illustrate the growth of type model When a population is characterized by that its members for a long time, such as trees, a type 1 and 2, he called the choice k unlike the pattern 3, which is called r and in order to understand each of the two choices we'll explain the difference between them and is as follows: -
1. climate tends to be unimportant or fixed in choosing r k types while climate is more important.
2. The size of the population variable during a specific period of time and is fixed and there is no fixed age group in the choosers r with tend to be fixed in the choosers k
3. population because reorganize and put it in the home in the choosers r while being in parallel and equal in the case of k needs
4. The competition is not very unlike the r k
5. growth curve in the form of k is of type 1 and 2 in either r is the pattern 3
6. reproduction rate is the largest in the r with be the biggest competition in the k
7. Age is the shortest in the r
8. small individual size and life cycle youngest in the r
9. A large part of primary productivity distracted during the breeding in the r
10. be vital seed rate in the longest r
11. be species-type k more efficient and better adapt and withstand more environmental conditions.
Take the distribution of plants anywhere in one of the following patterns:
1. random pattern
2. lumpy pattern
3. regular pattern
The green plants revive not supported any diet they produce their own and depend on the rest of the neighborhood is when we look we find environmentally influenced directly and indirectly overlaps between biogenic ties to it because any object is not in isolation from other neighborhoods and is therefore an influential and affected neighborhoods. It is these relationships Mayati: -
1- Symbiosis: It involved two different types in order to get a good benefit to the two, the most common in animal than the environment in the plant, but can be found in the final two modes are disjunctive s. When plants share are non-contiguous me like a shadow of the one provided by trees and small plants or be conjunctive s. When he gets coupling between plants as the existence of bacteria, nitrogen-fixing within the roots of legumes.
2- Mycorhizal r. He Hayevat relationship between the fungus and the roots of large trees, a non-nurse has been found in the study of conifers she learned a lot of fungus in obtaining raw materials. And that the fungus can be external or internal ectotrophic endotrophic.
3- Lichens r.
4- Parasitic r. Any intrusion on animal plant
5- Epiphytism r. When Leno any other object on the plant body which is common in temperate and tropical regions.
6- Lienas a common phenomenon in the rainforest where the light connecting to the forest floor a few stalks shall plant growth Rhiv floor, forcing it to be based on the stems of tall trees.
7- Carnivorous plant some plants producing specialized enzymes that digest some of the animals with the help of a very sensory cells in the leaves, making a quick closing papers on any object touched by such as insects
8- Competition which neighborhoods compete on something in Alebattat could be on the light or nutrients or other, which is either to be between members of the same species intraspesific c. Or be among the members belonging to different types interspesific c. , There are three types of competition:
A positive any two individuals compete in a specific area
B minus any two individuals competing in isolated areas
C random any competition includes cases above
The result of the competition some cases, such as amnsalism any neighborhoods are competing to produce anti-life for other types of bacteria, he notes in either higher plant produces retardant materials for the growth of other types are called allelochemicals Lye Alioukaleptuz and willow, which inhibit the growth of other plants.
Herding and Tilling
The phenomenon of grazing on plants widespread and are often kissed grazing animals which is very important in the organization of the competition and the size and shape of the plant community, it reduces competition as lower members of the same type and reduces the reproductive ability of the exception of reducing the composition of mature seeds of opportunities, but increase the chances of producing buds and Alraizumat for their reproduction ensures succession as grazing on soil erosion affects as the rain and wind will impact directly on the ground barren grazing also increases the chances of the transfer of seeds from one region to another.
The role of animals in the vaccinated and the transfer of seeds and fruits of plants
You are inoculated plant process transfer pollen grain to Mayssam flower and that the process that has called entomophily pollination by insects either has Boisson other animals named zoophily p .. It is the most important insect pollination is the honeybee. It can plant seeds moves from one place to another for animals ways either with feces or through the stick's bodies of those animals as well as the role of effective human transfer.
Aware of the individual and population dynamics autoecology and population dynamic
Biological plant life cycle
It includes a series of sequential events begin and end floral vegetative growth from new and is as follows: -
1. Zahar flowering: characterized by land plants that reproduce sexually, and often have these Alhmlah regulated by both the temperature and hours of light
2. pollination pollination
3. fruiting fruiting
The number and installation of fruits and a number of them formed the seed is very important in environmental session of the plant life and the influential One of the things which both the living and non-living factors The former is Palmspbat pathological bacteria, insects and fungi
4. seeds seed production out put the plant produces seeds that more than absorbed by the mother plant home if all of the growth has been correctly, but what were the environmental conditions often are that control the next growth as competing and pathogens and climate and other factors.
5. spread the seed dispersal of seeds
Azma fallen seeds in one place near the product have a plant, it will suffer from the weakness in growth due to competition Al important sources therefore adapted plants for the production possible transport seeds either the fact that forms flat or compressed or filament minutes or having hooks enable them dangling animals to be able to spread from place to another
6. Vital viability
You seeds that maintains the vitality is denominated environmental conditions for periods vary depending on the type of plant, it may be a stretch for weeks or years to reach 50 years
7. hibernate dormancy
In many plant seeds, we find that it does not even grow when conditions are favorable, unless undergoing a period of lethargy and specific purpose of accelerating the growth has to be to break the lethargy artificially by manipulating the environmental conditions affecting them
8. proliferative capacity and seed germination reproductive capacity & seed germination
Do not grow all the seeds formed not only some can resist or overcome the environmental conditions and depending on what you grow, including reproductive capacity is calculated by the following equation: -
Reproductive capacity = (consisting of seed germination rate *) / 100
9. seedling growth seedling growth
Shortly after germination, seedling growth begins in the seed embryo have the lowest level of activity and growth, but as soon as that activity will increase rapidly thinning root and sheets with a simple leg Created
10. vegetative growth vegetative growth
The overall effect of various environmental factors will affect the vegetative plant growth and that these factors include humidity, temperature, light and nutrients, which will determine the size, shape and abundance of vegetation population because the effect of these factors will be either directly or including
ecotypic differentiation
I've kind of taxonomic group known as members of similar population and environmentally scrupulous and that can or can not breed them. As for the environmental kind world Ttereson it was defined as a number of variations within the species, which are side by side with the variations in the home and be inherited and valuable adaptive and generate environmental type therefore environmental models will appear ecotypes I kind of put Ttereson five fundamental features of the environmental model which is the following: -
1. superficial variations or Vslchih or anatomical or two of them overlapping or everyone.
2. variations are associated with distinct spatial heterogeneity
3. Environmental model attributes that distinguish it from another model that is, they mixed.
4. that the differences between the models and the genetic basis.
5. breed with each other.
Vegetarian recipes and population dynamics:
In any society, we find a large number of people belonging to different races and groups of any individuals, including returning for a specific type called population population, which is characterized as living in one place and have several recipes from the most important density and Oumadl reproduction and the rate of death and have overlapping relationships between them and other species, and what the study population in terms of qualities and self-the place where my
It found the so-called Bdemogravea population population demography, or is it related to study environmental factors affecting it will be called population ecology
The size of a population is determined by knowledge of the preparation of each of:
1. Individuals generated
2. Mortality
3. immigrants him immigration
4. immigrants him emmigration
Density density are a number of individuals to the unit area or to a unit volume as in the phytoplankton in the plant environment is considering using and which must be representative of the rate of 1-5% of the land area of the studied box
Natality rate of increase in members of a species through reproduction
Mortality rate of the shortfall in members of a species through death or destruction due to grazing
Survival represents the survival of individuals vegetation type model except for the whole of his life and there are three modes of it, namely:
First Style: Adject short sorts of age and ends the life of the individual as soon as the plant up to reproduction as plants annuals and Eetmz down perdition rates in young and adult phase of life.
Type II: This is also equally Alhlakat ratios in all phases of life.
Type III: a short note in the life of plants Kaledgal.
Put the world Mc Arthur idea of these choices for the growth of the population to illustrate the growth of type model When a population is characterized by that its members for a long time, such as trees, a type 1 and 2, he called the choice k unlike the pattern 3, which is called r and in order to understand each of the two choices we'll explain the difference between them and is as follows: -
1. climate tends to be unimportant or fixed in choosing r k types while climate is more important.
2. The size of the population variable during a specific period of time and is fixed and there is no fixed age group in the choosers r with tend to be fixed in the choosers k
3. population because reorganize and put it in the home in the choosers r while being in parallel and equal in the case of k needs
4. The competition is not very unlike the r k
5. growth curve in the form of k is of type 1 and 2 in either r is the pattern 3
6. reproduction rate is the largest in the r with be the biggest competition in the k
7. Age is the shortest in the r
8. small individual size and life cycle youngest in the r
9. A large part of primary productivity distracted during the breeding in the r
10. be vital seed rate in the longest r
11. be species-type k more efficient and better adapt and withstand more environmental conditions.
Take the distribution of plants anywhere in one of the following patterns:
1. random pattern
2. lumpy pattern
3. regular pattern
synecology and community dynamic
Society is defined as a group of individuals belonging to different races and thus be the biggest of the population has the characteristics differ from those of the population and can be a very small unit Khafh road or a large grandfather such as forests society and that the small community be more fluctuation due to neighboring communities, unlike the great society which is characterized by stability and societies differ from one region to another as the community in the area varies from time to time
There are several theories of environmental and found to illustrate the idea of a vegetarian society to clarify its relationship to the place as the vegetarian society depends on both: -
1. species constituent
2. The environmental qualities of those species
3. Climate
4. Soil
5. Life overlapping factors among them
When examining any vegetarian community must focus on the following matters: -
1. Spatial distribution of the members of the community
2. position papers for the body plant
3. leaf area index
4. phenotypic characteristics of the dominant species
5. Fixed through the seasons
6. environmental role of the type
7. abundance and affluence
8. nutrient movement
9. succession and stability
10. Live and productivity bloc initial vegetation community
11. environmental evolution
There are several theories of environmental and found to illustrate the idea of a vegetarian society to clarify its relationship to the place as the vegetarian society depends on both: -
1. species constituent
2. The environmental qualities of those species
3. Climate
4. Soil
5. Life overlapping factors among them
When examining any vegetarian community must focus on the following matters: -
1. Spatial distribution of the members of the community
2. position papers for the body plant
3. leaf area index
4. phenotypic characteristics of the dominant species
5. Fixed through the seasons
6. environmental role of the type
7. abundance and affluence
8. nutrient movement
9. succession and stability
10. Live and productivity bloc initial vegetation community
11. environmental evolution
Patterns of life forms according to the classification Rounker
World Division Rinkir five plant communities varieties depending on the form of her life, namely: -
1- Phanerophytes and Tzm trees and shrubs that are growing sprouts on the rise can be less than 2 meters from the surface of the soil and up to 30 meters and more are found in the tropics.
2- Chamophytes: found in cold regions at the upper circles and developing buds are located very close to the soil surface and up to 25 m
3- Hemicriptophytes: found in cold regions and shoots directly below the soil surface for protection from cold and include herbs Yearbook or bilateral strabismus
4- Cryptophytes: or called land plants and buds are in the soil Kalraizumat a suit areas with the length of the extreme conditions
5- Therophytes They include plants that are resistant to the difficult environmental conditions Authority seeds.
1- Phanerophytes and Tzm trees and shrubs that are growing sprouts on the rise can be less than 2 meters from the surface of the soil and up to 30 meters and more are found in the tropics.
2- Chamophytes: found in cold regions at the upper circles and developing buds are located very close to the soil surface and up to 25 m
3- Hemicriptophytes: found in cold regions and shoots directly below the soil surface for protection from cold and include herbs Yearbook or bilateral strabismus
4- Cryptophytes: or called land plants and buds are in the soil Kalraizumat a suit areas with the length of the extreme conditions
5- Therophytes They include plants that are resistant to the difficult environmental conditions Authority seeds.
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